Dey et al. (2021) optimized and applied this strategy to produce high ethanol concentration from pulp and paper sludge waste. The overall reaction rate of hydrolysis is vital to ethanol production and this account for mass transfer. Efficient mixing enables intact mass transfer (Corrêa et al., 2016). Mixing of high-solids in flask is much ...

If the calcination temperature is in the range of 850–1200 °C, then the produced waste paper sludge ash (WPSA) will not be able to produce a sufficient amount of metakaolinite, and thus the WPSA will act as a hydraulic by-product [34, 35]. Figure 7.1 shows the texture and colour of waste paper sludge and its ash.

2. Trends in paper mill sludge generation The pulp and paper industry produce over 304 m illion tons of paper per year. In 2005, soley in Europe, 99.3 million tons of paper was produced which generated 11 million tons of waste and represented 11 % residue in relationship to the total paper production. The

The pulp and paper industry (PPI) is a major contributor to the global economy, but it also poses a challenge for waste disposal, as it generates large amounts of several waste streams. Among these, paper rejects are generated during the papermaking process and could account for up to 25% of the produced paper. Moreover, hundreds of …

In 2018, the rate of paper and paperboard recycling was 68.2 percent (46.0 million tons), up from 65.9 percent in 2017 (44.2 million tons), and up from 42.8 percent …

With an annual paper production of approximately 4.5 million tonnes in the UK and an increase in paper recycling rates, abundant volumes of waste paper sludge are produced, leading to steadily increasing amounts of PSA (in the UK 4 out of 40 paper mills generate 140 kilotonnes of PSA annually; Spathi, 2015). This has caused environmental ...

The "normal" range of accumulation rates was found to be between 0.010 and 0.060 m[3]/capita-yr. The "average" accumulation rate was found to be 0.025 m[3]/capita-yr. A theoretical model was developed to analyze the relationship between the sludge accumulation rate and design, socio-cultural and environmental factors.

These repre- sented dry sludge application rates of ≈0, 23, 68, and 113 t•ha–1. The ratio between organic and inorganic fractions, moisture content, and the concentra- tion of …

Abstract. Pulp and paper industry generates large quantity of sludge, up to 1 m 3 /ton paper produced. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a potential treatment to stabilize sludge and produce biogas for renewable energy. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of AD of paper sludge (PS) generated from primary and secondary …

Tomi Turner BeZero Carbon Ian W Oliver Keele University Abstract It is estimated that >400 Mt of board and paper are produced globally per year, and that …

than the typical municipal sludge rates. ... The cement has been replaced by waste paper sludge accordingly in the range of 0% (without Hypo sludge), 10%, 20%, 30% & 40% by weight for M-25 and M ...

A generic set of process conditions were established for the conversion of high ash-containing paper sludge to ethanol. Techno-economic analysis based on three different revenue scenarios, together with Monte Carlo analysis revealed 95% probability of achieving IRR values in excess of 25% at a paper sludge feed rate of 15 t/d.

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Although the amounts vary, paper sludge often contains Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), and Magnesium (Mg), making it an attractive nutrient source.¹. The reuse of sludge as a fertilizer or soil amendment would not only be a benefit to producers, but it would also give farmers an advantage by providing a cost ...

This study evaluated the effects of de-inking paper sludge (DPS) and sewage sludge (SS) application on soil properties, and durum wheat growth and yield. A pot experiment was performed on Calcaric cambisol (clCM) and Cromic Luvisol (coLV) soils. Three DPS rates (0, 30, and 60 Mg ha−1) were studied with and without nitrogen fertilizer (280 kg ...

Listed here are the recycling or composting rates for three categories of materials, including paper and paperboard, yard trimmings, and food: In 2018, the rate of paper and paperboard recycling was 68.2 percent (46.0 million tons), up from 65.9 percent in 2017 (44.2 million tons), and up from 42.8 percent in 2000.

The sludge accumulation rates across the study areas had statistically significant mean differences (p < 0.05). ... (47%) using tissue paper. As the study progressed, it was observed that household's use of tissue paper increased with almost double proportions from 34 to 65% (Table 3).

Abstract. It is estimated that >400 Mt of board and paper are produced globally per year, and that 4.3–40 kg (dw) of sludge like material, pulp and paper mill sludge (PPMS), is generated for ...

The purpose of this paper is to perform a chemical, mineralogical, thermal, morphological, physical and environmental characterization of the paper and pulp …

The improvement of soil fertility properties is a priority for meeting sustainable development goals and world food security. One potential benefit of using paper sludge in agriculture is the ...

The most profitable case was fractionated virgin sludge (from a virgin paper mill) to ethanol (F-VK1) with a net present value (NPV) of US$ 11.4 million, internal rate of return (IRR) of 28%, payback period of 4.4 years and minimum ethanol revenue (MER) of US$ 0.32 per liter. Risk analysis showed that the F-VK1 case obtained a near 100% ...

The characterization results showed that the sludge derived from the tissue paper mill with virgin pulp raw material has the highest content of cellulose which is 47.06%, this sludge was used as ...

Paper sludge is reused by blending with natural raw material extracted from ore in manufacturing cement or brick [16], [17], [18]. The feasibility of PSA as a partial replacement for cement has been reported in various reviewed works, as PSA gives superior flexural and tensile strength. ... The reduction rate of compressive is about 12 to …

plots, regardless of sludge rate. Soil in fertilized plots had higher concentrations of inorganic N regardless of sludge amendment. The soil C : N ratio was ≈13:1 in nonamended plots and more than 15:1 under the highest sludge rate. Deinked and primary paper sludges can be used effectively as soil amendments if turfgrass receives adequate supple-

This field study highlights the positive effects of de-inking paper sludge amendment, depending on the sludge type (raw or composted) and the applied rate (low or high). Overall, the application of raw (DS1) and composted de-inking paper sludge (DSC1) at low rates (30 and 20 t ha −1, respectively) significantly improved the soil quality.

The amount of waste generated in paper production varies greatly within different regions, because of different recycling rates. The investigated paper sludge can be seen in Fig. 1. This paper sludge comes from two sources: primary sludge collected in an initial clarifier, and biological sludge generated in a second clarifier.

Generally, in terms of volume, the pulp and paper mill–produced sludge is the major remaining effluent after the management of wastewater. The production rates of sludge are varied broadly between industries [29]. The liquid waste pollutants from pulp and paper industry retain high biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen …

The reason is that particle sizes and expansion rates decrease as paper pulp sludge content increases. The particle density range of green clay lightweight aggregates is between 1.06 and 1.69; for paper pulp sludge lightweight aggregates, it is between 0.83 and 1.30. This meets the required primary property of recommended specifications of ...

Among all soils with different dose application, the highest cumulative carbon mineralization was revealed for silty-clay soil by applying 30 t.ha-1 as well as 60 t.ha-1 of DPS. However, the ...