The consortium constructed a purpose built plant at the Kroondal mine to extract PGMs from the tailings of the nearby Xstrata and LanXess chrome mines. The …

result in PGM losses or the need for additional stages (processes) to recover the PGMs. Furthermore, if a significant portion of the PGMs are occluded in the BM sulphide matrices, as reported (Schouwstra and Kinloch, 2000) for this type of ore, a BM extraction process preceding the cyanide leach becomes a necessity.

chrome', a special grade of high-carbon ferrochrome (HCFeCr). Charge chrome contains approximately 50–53% Cr, 6–8% C, 4–6% Si, and the balance Fe, with minor impurities such as S and P (Gasik, 2013). Not all ferrochrome in South Africa is produced via the submerged arc furnace (SAF) route. Some 8-10% of other

Of the many PGMs recovery procedures, adsorption is a process with a good efficiency, but an important role is played by the adsorbent material used into the process. ... After extraction of ...

base metals in sulphide ores containing PGMs. Chromite (used to derive chrome) is another significant. ... The highest Pd extraction of 76.1% was achieved at 10 g/L ferricyanide, pH 11, DO 15 …

PGMs may be used to make crucibles used to grow single crystals, particularly of oxides. Platinum group metal alloys are used to make electrical contacts, electrodes, thermocouples, and circuits. ... Platinum metal extraction processes are typically trade secrets. First, the sample is dissolved in acid. Aqua regia is most often used for this ...

The extraction of PGMs from various resources using organic solvents and ionic liquids are discussed in the following subsections. Process for recovering PGMs. Compared to the traditional liquid-liquid extraction, membranes extraction technique exhibits a better performance with high separation and concentration factors, enhanced …

This chapter describes the production of concentrates containing the platinum-group metals (PGMs). South Africa is the largest primary producer of PGMs followed by Russia. South African ores typically contain 3–4 g/tonne of PGM ore, which becomes 100–200 g/tonne after flotation. There are two main types of ores namely; feldspathic ...

Development of PGMs and Chrome Extraction Circuit from UG–2 Ore Ayo S. Afolabi, ... secondary rougher tail (SRT), spiral feed (SF), chrome plant final tail (CPT), chemical grade (CG), metallurgical grade. Spiral Chrome Washing Plant Locations In South Africa.

Platinum group metals (PGMs) are essential in developing the modern high-tech industry. Spent petroleum and spent automobile catalysts are vital sources of PGMs, which have relatively higher concentrations of PGMs (0.1–1%) than those found in primary sources. Therefore, recycling these secondary PGMs sources is an integral element of …

Major elements were extracted from PGM mine tailings. Extraction was achieved via thermochemical treatment followed by aqueous leaching. The process used ammonium …

The rising demand of PGMs in industrial applications and their limited natural resources have laid emphasis on the development of feasible and eco-friendly processes for the extraction of these...

This paper presents the recently developed extraction circuit to produce high quality products with low chromatite levels whilst maintaining sustainable PGMs recovery. This …

Recovery of PGMs (especially rhodium, platinum, and palladium) from different spent manufactured products (like catalytic converters) is considered as an important task as they are rarely found in nature, and they possess high economic value. In this work, the honeycomb of a car catalytic converter was primarily processed by crushing, grinding, …

In China, the reserves of platinum group metals (PGMs) are scarce, but the consumption of PGMs is enormous, which has resulted in a high external dependence. As more than 90% of PGMs are used by the catalyst industry, spent catalysts are the most important secondary source. Therefore, recycling PGMs from spent catalysts is the most …

About 80% of the worlds' reserves for platinum group metals (PGMs) are in South Africa's chrome content in the feed and the challenges associated with operating …

the selective extraction of Pd(II) and the reduction of the consumption of chemical reagents. ... Nkobane, M.P.; Abdulkareem, A.S. Development of PGMs and chrome extraction circuit from UG-2 ore ...

maximum allowable chrome in furnace feed was historically limited to about 1 %. Considering that chrome in concentrate for UG2 plants in general were in the region of 3-4% it was extremely difficult to maintain high UG2 processing capacities. Subsequent developments in furnace technology has allowed concentrates with a chrome content of …

Alternatively, the hydrometallurgical processes have been applied for PGMs extraction via their dissolution in suitable lixiviant (like concentrated mineral acids) and in presence of the oxidizing ...

This low fraction of the extraction of PGMs from the autocatalysts adds more to its demand and supply gap. This percentage needs to be increased so that the maximum possible share of demand as autocatalysts gets fulfilled by recycling the old autocatalysts from discarded automobiles. ... Abdulkareem, A.S.: Development of PGMs and chrome ...

Development of PGMs and chrome extraction circuit from UG-2 ore; K. Binnemans et al. Solvometallurgy: an emerging branch of extractive metallurgy ... This paper systematically reviews various improvements and new technologies for the separation and purification of PGMs, including solvent extraction, membranes separation, supercritical …

It is predicted that 195–307 t or 52–478 t of PGMs can be recovered from SAC annually according to the consumption of PGMs in automotive catalysts or the recoverable PGMs amount in the new ...

The highest Cr extraction obtained was 7.0%. Further test work entailed exploring the effect of solid to liquid ratio using optimized conditions. The results showed a substantial increase of Cr extraction of up to 37%. This represents 1.33% decrease in chrome content, from 3.63% to 2.30%, in UG-2 concentrate.

Venmyn Deloitte uses Datamine Studio RM software to create a 3D block model of tailings dumps based on the DTM supplied by surveyors as well as a drillhole database containing collar, density and assay data. The model is created to demonstrate the distribution of grade throughout a tailings dump and to also verify the bulk volume using the ...

Hydrometallurgy is highly proposed for PGMs' recovery upscaling. Leaching of high solid to liquid ratio (S/L) is feasible in plant scale. Direct leaching is preferred, decreasing the process' cost. In the last decades, a worldwide investment in the recovery or substitution of platinum group metals (PGMs) has been financed.

JSE-listed ferrochrome producer Merafe Resources reports that it and Glencore Operations South Africa have reached an agreement to contribute to the Glencore-Merafe chrome joint venture (JV) a new ...

Platinum Group Metals (PGMs), often with associated gold, have very few occurrences where they are present in an ore deposit at economically extractable levels. …

Fig. 12 reveals that the general tendency shown by the tested SX systems towards PGMs extraction from the model solution was revisited for the real SACs ones, and this is a positive trend. For H98, TOPO was able to efficiently extract Pt(IV) (192 mg L −1, 87%), accompanied by 300 mg L −1 Pd(II), corresponding to 38% extraction.

Effective recovery of PGMs and extraction from spent catalysts are environmentally and economically desirable. Three factors influence the recyclability of spent catalysts: (1) the composition of the spent catalyst, (2) the intrinsic metal value and (3) the associated lifecycle structure and the application segment, including the turnaround …

The extraction of PGMs is done in the alloy phase, with the collector (e.g., iron, copper, lead and nickel). The flux agent (e.g., cryolite, borax, lime, and soda ash) has the role of dissolving the impurities in the catalytic converters to generate slag that will easily separate from the metallic phase due to density differences.